I-Compound Portable Gas Detector Imiyalelo yokusebenza
Umtshina wegesi oyinhlanganisela ophathwayo wamukela isibonisi sesikrini sombala esingu-2.8-inch TFT, esikwazi ukubona izinhlobo zamagesi ezingafika kwezi-4 ngesikhathi esisodwa.Isekela ukutholwa kwezinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama.I-interface yokusebenza yinhle futhi inhle;isekela ukubonisa kokubili isiShayina nesiNgisi.Uma ukugxilisa ingqondo kweqa umkhawulo, insimbi izothumela umsindo, ukukhanya kanye ne-alamu yokudlidliza.Ngomsebenzi wokugcinwa kwedatha ngesikhathi sangempela, kanye nesixhumi esibonakalayo sokuxhumana se-USB, ingaxhuma nekhompyutha ukuze ifunde Izilungiselelo, ithole amarekhodi nokunye.
Sebenzisa impahla ye-PC, ukwakheka kokubukeka kuvumelana nokwakheka kwe-ergonomic.
★ 2.8 intshi TFT umbala screen, 240 * 320 ukulungiswa, ukusekela isibonisi Chinese kanye English
★ Ngokwezidingo zamakhasimende, inhlanganisela eguquguqukayo yezinzwa ezihlukene zethuluzi lokubona igesi eliyinhlanganisela, izinhlobo ezingafika kwezi-4 zamagesi zingatholwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, zingasekela izinzwa ze-CO2 ne-VOC.
★ Ingakwazi ukubona izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama endaweni yokusebenza
★ Izinkinobho ezine, usayizi ohlangene, kulula ukusebenza nokuwuphatha
★ With real-time clock, kungenziwa isethwe
★ Isibonisi sesikhathi sangempela se-LCD sokugxila kwegesi nesimo se-alamu
★ Bonisa inani le-TWA ne-STEL
★ Umthamo omkhulu wokushaja ibhethri ye-lithium, qinisekisa ukuthi insimbi isebenza ngokuqhubekayo isikhathi eside
★ Vibration, ukukhanya okukhanyayo kanye nemodi ye-alamu yomsindo emithathu, i-alamu ingathuliswa ngesandla
★ Isiqeshana esiqinile sengwenya yezinga eliphezulu, kulula ukusiphatha ngesikhathi sokusebenza
★ Igobolondo lenziwe ngamandla aphezulu amapulasitiki akhethekile wobunjiniyela, aqinile futhi aqinile, amahle futhi akhululekile
★ With umsebenzi isitoreji idatha, isitoreji mass, kungaba ukugcina 3,000 amarekhodi alamu kanye 990,000 amarekhodi real-time, Ungabuka amarekhodi on the instrument, kodwa futhi ngokusebenzisa idatha line uxhumano idatha computer ukuthekelisa.
Amapharamitha ayisisekelo:
Igesi yokutholwa: umoya-mpilo, isikhutha, igesi evuthayo negesi enobuthi, izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama, kungenziwa ngokwezifiso inhlanganisela yegesi.
Umgomo wokutholwa: i-electrochemical, i-infrared, i-catalytic combustion, i-PID.
Iphutha elikhulu elivumelekile: ≤±3% fs
Isikhathi sokuphendula: T90≤30s (ngaphandle kwegesi ekhethekile)
Imodi ye-alamu: ukukhanya komsindo, ukudlidliza
Indawo yokusebenza: izinga lokushisa: -20 ~ 50℃, umswakama: 10 ~ 95%rh (akukho ukufingqa)
Umthamo webhethri: 5000mAh
I-voltage yokushaja: DC5V
Isixhumi esibonakalayo sokuxhumana: I-Micro USB
Ukugcinwa kwedatha: 990,000 amarekhodi esikhathi sangempela kanye namarekhodi ama-alamu angaphezu kuka-3,000
Ubukhulu bebonke: 75*170*47 (mm) njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1.
Isisindo: 293 g
Ifakwe ezijwayelekile: imanuwali, isitifiketi, ishaja ye-USB, ibhokisi lokupakisha, i-back clamp, insimbi, ikhava yegesi yokulinganisa.
Insimbi inezinkinobho ezine futhi imisebenzi yayo ikhonjiswe kuthebula 1.Umsebenzi wangempela ungaphansi kwebha yesimo ngezansi kwesikrini.
Ithebula 1 Umsebenzi wezinkinobho
Ukhiye | Umsebenzi |
Ukhiye wokuvula | Qinisekisa ukusebenza kokusetha, faka imenyu yeleveli 1, bese ucindezela isikhathi eside vula noma uvale. |
Ukhiye Wesokunxele-kwesokudla | Khetha kwesokudla, inani lemenyu yokumisa isikhathi susa 1, cindezela isikhathi eside inani ngokushesha susa 1. |
Ukhiye waphezulu-Phansi | Khetha ukuya phansi, ivelu engeza 1, cindezela isikhathi eside inani engeza ngokushesha u-1. |
Ukhiye wokubuyisela | Emuva kumenyu yangaphambilini, umsebenzi oyisimungulu (i-real-time concentration interface interface) |
I-interface yokuqalisa iboniswa ku-Figure 2. Kuthatha ama-50s.Ngemuva kokuthi ukuqaliswa sekuqediwe, kungena esibonakalayo sesikhathi sangempela sokuhlushwa.
Umfanekiso wesi-2 wokuqalisa
Isikhathi sokubonisa ibha yesihloko, i-alamu, amandla ebhethri, umaki wokuxhumeka kwe-USB, njll.
Indawo emaphakathi ibonisa imingcele yegesi: uhlobo lwegesi, iyunithi, ukugxilwa kwesikhathi sangempela.Imibala ehlukene imelela izimo ze-alamu ezihlukene.
Okuvamile: Amagama aluhlaza kungemuva elimnyama
I-alamu yezinga 1: amagama amhlophe kungemuva eliwolintshi
I-alamu yezinga lesi-2: amagama amhlophe kungemuva elibomvu
Inhlanganisela yegesi ehlukene inezindawo zokubonisa ezihlukile, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 3, Umfanekiso 4 kanye noFigure 5.
Amagesi Amane | Amagesi amathathu | Amagesi Amabili |
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Umfanekiso 3 Amagesi Amane | Umfanekiso 4 Amagesi Amathathu | Umfanekiso 5 Amagesi Amabili |
Cindezela inkinobho ehambisanayo ukuze ufake isibonisi esisodwa segesi.Kunezindlela ezimbili.Ijika liboniswa kuMfanekiso 6 futhi imingcele iboniswa kuMfanekiso 7.
I-interface yamapharamitha ibonisa igesi i-TWA, i-STEL namanye amapharamitha ahlobene.Isikhathi sesampula se-STEL singasethwa kumenyu Yezilungiselelo zesistimu.
Isibonisi Sejika | Isibonisi sepharamitha |
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Umfanekiso we-6 Curve Display | Umfanekiso 7 amapharamitha Bonisa |
6.1 Ukusetha uhlelo
Imenyu yokuhlela uhlelo njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 9.Kunemisebenzi eyisishiyagalolunye.
Itimu yemenyu: setha ukuhlukaniswa kombala
Ukulala kokukhanya kwangemuva: kusetha isikhathi sokukhanya kwangemuva
Ukhiye wokuvala: setha isikhathi sokuvala ukhiye ngokuzenzakalelayo
Ukuvala shaqa okuzenzakalelayo: setha isikhathi sokuvala esizenzakalelayo sohlelo, hhayi ngokuzenzakalelayo
Ukubuyiselwa kwepharamitha: amapharamitha wesistimu yokutakula, amarekhodi e-alamu kanye nedatha egcinwe ngesikhathi sangempela.
Ulimi: IsiShayina nesiNgisi zingashintshwa
Isitoreji sesikhathi sangempela: sisetha isikhawu sesikhathi sesitoreji sesikhathi sangempela.
I-Bluetooth: vula noma vala i-Bluetooth (uma uthanda)
Inkathi ye-STEL: Isikhathi sesampula se-STEL
Umfanekiso 9 Ukulungiselelwa Kwesistimu
● Itimu yemenyu
Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 10, umsebenzisi angakhetha noma yimuphi umbala kweyisithupha, akhethe umbala wetimu awufisayo, bese ucindezela u-ok ukuze ulondoloze Izilungiselelo.
Itimu Yemenyu Yomfanekiso 10
● Ukulala kwe-backlight
Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 11, ingakhetha ngokujwayelekile ku-, 15s, 30s, 45s,Okuzenzakalelayo ama-15s.Valiwe( Ukukhanya kwangemuva kuvamise ukuvuleka).
Umfanekiso 11 Ukukhanya kwangemuva ukulala
● Ukuphela Kwesikhathi Esibalulekile
Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 12, ingakhetha 15s, 30s, 45s, 60s. Okuzenzakalelayo 15s.
lUmdwebo 12 Ukuphela Kwesikhathi Esibalulekile
● Ukuvala shaqa okuzenzakalelayo
Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 13, ingakhetha ukuthi ingavuli, ama-2hours,4hours,6hours nama-8hours,okuzenzakalelayo akuvuliwe(Dis En).
Umfanekiso 13Ukuvala shaqa okuzenzakalelayo
● Ukubuyiselwa Kwepharamitha
Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 14, ingakhetha imingcele yesistimu, imingcele yegesi kanye nerekhodi elicacile (I-Cls Log).
Umfanekiso 14 Ukubuyiselwa Kwepharamitha
Khetha ipharamitha yesistimu bese ucindezela u-ok, faka isikhombikubona sokunquma imingcele yokutakula, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 15. Ngemva kokuqinisekisa ukwenziwa komsebenzi, itimu yemenyu, i-backlight sleep, ukuphela kwesikhathi kokhiye, ukuvala shaqa okuzenzakalelayo neminye imingcele kuzobuyela kumanani azenzakalelayo. .
Umfanekiso 15 Qinisekisa ukutholwa kwepharamitha
Khetha uhlobo lwamagesi azotholwa, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 16, cindezela u-ok
Umfanekiso 16 Khetha uhlobo lwegesi
Bonisa ukusebenzelana kokunquma amapharamitha okubuyisela njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 17., cindezela u-ok ukuze wenze umsebenzi wokubuyisela.
Umfanekiso 17 Qinisekisa ukutholwa kwepharamitha
Khetha irekhodi ozolithola njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 18, bese ucindezela u-OK.
Umfanekiso 18 Sula irekhodi
I-interface ethi "ok" iboniswa kuMfanekiso 19. Cindezela okuthi "ok" ukuze wenze umsebenzi
Umfanekiso 19 Qinisekisa Sula irekhodi
● I-Bluetooth
Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 20, ungakhetha ukuvula noma ukuvala i-Bluetooth.I-Bluetooth uyazikhethela.
Umfanekiso 20 I-Bluetooth
● Umjikelezo we-STEL
Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 21, imizuzu emi-5–15 uyazikhethela.
Umfanekiso 21Umjikelezo we-STEL
6.2Ukusetha isikhathi
Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 22
Umfanekiso 22 Ukusetha isikhathi
Khetha uhlobo lwesikhathi oluzosethwa, cindezela inkinobho ethi KULUNGILE ukuze ufake isimo sokusetha ipharamitha, cindezela izinkinobho zaphezulu naphansi +1, cindezela bese ubamba inkinobho ethi +1 esheshayo.Cindezela okuthi KULUNGILE ukuze uphume kulesi silungiselelo sepharamitha.Ungacindezela okhiye baphezulu naphansi ukuze ukhethe ezinye izilungiselelo.Cindezela inkinobho yokubuyela emuva ukuze uphume kumenyu.
Unyaka: 19 ~ 29
Inyanga: 01 ~ 12
Usuku: 01 ~ 31
Amahora: 00 ~ 23
Amaminithi: 00 ~ 59
6.3 Ukusetha i-alamu
Khetha uhlobo lwegesi oluzosethwa njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 23, bese ukhetha uhlobo lwe-alamu oluzosethwa njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 24, bese ufaka inani le-alamu njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 25 ukuze uqinisekise.Isilungiselelo sizovezwa ngezansi.
Umfanekiso 23 Khetha uhlobo lwegesi
Umfanekiso 24 Khetha uhlobo lwe-alamu
Umfanekiso 25 Faka inani le-alamu
Qaphela: Ngenxa yezizathu zokuphepha, inani le-alamu lingaba kuphela ≤ inani lesethi yasembonini, i-oxygen iyi-alamu eyinhloko kanye ≥ ivelu yokusetha yasefekthri.
6.4 Irekhodi lokugcina
Amarekhodi okugcina ahlukaniswe abe amarekhodi e-alamu namarekhodi esikhathi sangempela, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 26.
Irekhodi le-alamu: okuhlanganisa ukukhanyisa, ukucisha, i-alamu yokuphendula, ukusebenza kokusetha, isikhathi sokushintsha kwesimo se-alamu yegesi, njll. Ingagcina amarekhodi e-alamu angu-3000+.
Ukurekhoda kwesikhathi sangempela: Inani lokuhlushwa kwegesi eligcinwe ngesikhathi sangempela lingabuzwa ngesikhathi.Ingagcina amarekhodi esikhathi sangempela angu-990,000+.
Umfanekiso26 Uhlobo lwerekhodi lesitoreji
Amarekhodi e-alamu aqala aveze isimo sokulondoloza njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 27. Cindezela okuthi KULUNGILE ukufaka isixhumi esibonakalayo sokubuka amarekhodi e-alamu njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 28. Irekhodi lakamuva liyavezwa kuqala.Cindezela okhiye baphezulu naphansi ukuze ubuke amarekhodi adlule.
Umfanekiso 27 ulwazi olufingqiwe lwerekhodi le-alamu
Umfanekiso 28 Amarekhodi e-alamu
Isixhumi esibonakalayo sombuzo werekhodi lesikhathi sangempela siboniswa kuMfanekiso 29. Khetha uhlobo lwegesi, khetha ibanga lesikhathi lombuzo, bese ukhetha umbuzo.Cindezela inkinobho ethi OK ukuze ubuze ngemiphumela.Isikhathi sombuzo sihlobene nenani lamarekhodi edatha agcinwe.Umphumela wombuzo ukhonjiswe kuMfanekiso 30. Cindezela okhiye abaphezulu naphansi ukuze ikhasi libheke phansi, cindezela izinkinobho kwesokunxele nesokudla ukuvula ikhasi, bese ucindezela bese ubamba inkinobho ukuze uvule ikhasi ngokushesha.
Umfanekiso 29 wombuzo werekhodi lesikhathi sangempela
Imiphumela yokurekhoda yesikhathi sangempela engu-30
6.5 Ukulungiswa kweqanda
Faka iphasiwedi yokulinganisa njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 31, 1111, cindezela u-OK
Inombolo yomthetho yokulinganisa engumfanekiso 31
Khetha uhlobo lwegesi oludinga ukulungiswa uziro, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 32, cindezela u-ok
Umfanekiso 32 ukhetha uhlobo lwegesi
Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 33, cindezela u-ok ukuze wenze ukulungisa okuyiziro.
Umfanekiso 33 uqinisekise ukusebenza
6.6 Ukulinganiswa kwegesi
Faka iphasiwedi yokulinganisa njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 31, 1111, cindezela u-OK
Inombolo yephasiwedi yokulinganisa engumfanekiso 34
Khetha uhlobo lwegesi oludinga ukulinganiswa, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ku-FIG.35, cindezela ok
Umfanekiso 35 khetha uhlobo lwegesi
Faka ukuhlangana kwegesi yokulinganisa njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 36, cindezela u-ok ukuze ufake isixhumi esibonakalayo sejika lokulinganisa.
Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 37, igesi evamile idluliswa, ukulinganisa kuzokwenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo ngemva komzuzu ongu-1.Umphumela wokulinganisa uzovezwa maphakathi nebha yesimo.
Umfanekiso 36 okokufaka okujwayelekile kwegesi
Umfanekiso 37 isixhumi esibonakalayo sejika lokulinganisa
6.7 Ukulungiselelwa kweyunithi
Isixhumi esibonakalayo sokusetha iyunithi sikhonjiswe kuMfanekiso 38. Ungashintsha phakathi kwe-ppm ne-mg/m3 kumagesi anobuthi.Ngemva kokushintsha, i-alamu yokuqala, i-alamu yesibili, nobubanzi kuzoguqulwa ngokufanele.
Uphawu × luvezwa ngemva kwegesi, okusho ukuthi iyunithi ayikwazi ukushintshwa.
Khetha uhlobo lwegesi oluzosethwa, cindezela KULUNGILE ukuze ufake isimo sokukhetha, cindezela izinkinobho zaphezulu naphansi ukuze ukhethe iyunithi ezosethwa, bese ucindezela KULUNGILE ukuze uqinisekise ukulungiselelwa.
Cindezela Emuva ukuze uphume kumenyu.
Umfanekiso 38 Ukusethwa Kweyunithi
6.8 Mayelana
Ukulungiselelwa kwemenyu njengoMfanekiso 39
Umfanekiso 39 Mayelana
Ulwazi lomkhiqizo: bonisa imininingwane ethile eyisisekelo mayelana nedivayisi
Ulwazi lwenzwa: bonisa ukucaciswa okuthile okuyisisekelo mayelana nezinzwa
● Ulwazi lwedivayisi
Njengoba Umfanekiso 40 ubonisa imininingwane ethile eyisisekelo mayelana nedivayisi
Umfanekiso 40 Ulwazi lwedivayisi
● Ulwazi lwenzwa
Njengoba bonisa Umfanekiso.41, bonisa imininingwane ethile eyisisekelo mayelana nezinzwa.
Umfanekiso 41 Ulwazi Lwenzwa
Imbobo ye-USB inomsebenzi wokuxhumana, sebenzisa ukudluliswa kwe-USB kuntambo ye-Micro USB ukuxhuma umtshina kukhompyutha.Faka umshayeli we-USB( kusifaki sephakheji), Windows 10 uhlelo aludingi ukulifaka.Ngemva kokufaka, vula isofthiwe yokumisa, khetha futhi uvule imbobo ye-serial, izobonisa ukuhlushwa kwegesi yesikhathi sangempela kusofthiwe.
Isofthiwe ingakwazi ukufunda ukugcwala kwegesi ngesikhathi sangempela, isethe imingcele yegesi, ilinganise ithuluzi, ifunde irekhodi le-alamu, ifunde irekhodi lesitoreji sesikhathi sangempela, njll.
Uma ingekho igesi ejwayelekile, sicela ungafaki ukusebenza kokulinganisa igesi.
● Enye ivelu yegesi aliyona u-0 ngemva kokuqala.
Ngenxa yedatha yegesi engaqaliswanga ngokugcwele, idinga ukulinda isikhashana.Ngenzwa ye-ETO, uma ibhethri lensimbi liphelelwa amandla , bese lishajwa bese liqalisa kabusha, lidinga ukulinda amahora ambalwa.
● Ngemva kokusetshenziswa izinyanga ezimbalwa, ukugxila kwe-O2 kuba phansi endaweni evamile.
Ngena esibonakalayo sokulinganisa igesi futhi ulinganise umtshina ngokugxila 20.9.
● Ikhompyutha ayikwazi ukubona imbobo ye-USB.
Hlola ukuthi ingabe idrayivu ye-USB ifakiwe futhi ikhebuli yedatha ingu-4-core.
Izinzwa zinempilo yesevisi elinganiselwe;ayikwazi ukuhlola ngokujwayelekile futhi idinga ukushintshwa ngemuva kokusebenzisa isikhathi sayo sesevisi.Idinga ukulinganiswa njalo ngesigamu sonyaka phakathi nesikhathi sesevisi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunemba.Igesi ejwayelekile yokulinganisa iyadingeka futhi iyadingeka.
● Uma ushaja, sicela ugcine insimbi ivaliwe ukuze wonge isikhathi sokushaja.Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ikhanyisa futhi ishaja, inzwa ingase ithintwe umehluko weshaja (noma umehluko wendawo yokushaja), futhi ezimeni ezibucayi, inani lingase libe elingalungile noma i-alamu.
● Idinga amahora angu-4-6 ukushaja lapho umtshina ucisha ngokuzenzakalelayo.
● Ngemva kokushajwa ngokugcwele, ngegesi evuthayo, ingasebenza amahora angu-24 ngokuqhubekayo (Ngaphandle kwe-alamu, ngoba uma ihlaba umkhosi, iphinde idlidlize futhi ibaneke edla ugesi futhi amahora okusebenza azoba ngu-1/2 noma 1/3 wewokuqala.
● Uma umtshina unamandla aphansi, uzozivula/zicime ngokuzenzakalelayo njalo, lapho-ke kudingeka ukuthi ushajwe kusenesikhathi.
● Gwema ukusebenzisa umtshina endaweni egqwalile.
● Gwema ukuthintana namanzi.
● Shaja ibhethri njalo ngemva kwenyanga eyodwa kuya kwezimbili ukuze uvikele ukuphila kwayo okuvamile uma ingasetshenziswa isikhathi eside.
● Uma umtshina uphahlazekile noma ungaqalwa ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa, sicela uhlikihle imbobo yokusetha kabusha phezulu kwethuluzi nge-toothpick noma i-thimble ukususa ukuphahlazeka kwengozi.
● Sicela uqiniseke ukuthi uqala umshini endaweni evamile.Ngemuva kokuqala, yiyise endaweni lapho kuzotholwa khona igesi ngemuva kokuqedwa kokuqaliswa.
● Uma umsebenzi wokugcina irekhodi udingeka, kungcono ukufaka isikhathi sokulinganisa imenyu ngaphambi kokuba uqalise idivayisi kuqedwe ngemva kokuyiqalisa, ukuze kuvinjwe ukudideka kwesikhathi lapho ufunda irekhodi, ngaphandle kwalokho, isikhathi sokulinganisa asidingeki.
Igesi etholiwe | Kala Range | Isixazululo | Iphoyinti le-alamu eliphansi/eliphezulu |
Ex | 0-100%lel | 1%LEL | 25%LEL/50%LEL |
O2 | 0-30%vol | 0.1%vol | <18%vol, >23%vol |
H2S | 0-200ppm | 1 ppm | 5ppm/10ppm |
CO | 0-1000ppm | 1 ppm | 50ppm/150ppm |
CO2 | 0-5%vol | 0.01%vol | 0.20%vol /0.50%vol |
NO | 0-250ppm | 1 ppm | 10ppm/20ppm |
NO2 | 0-20ppm | 1 ppm | 5ppm/10ppm |
SO2 | 0-100ppm | 1 ppm | 1ppm/5ppm |
CL2 | 0-20ppm | 1 ppm | 2ppm/4ppm |
H2 | 0-1000ppm | 1 ppm | 35ppm/70ppm |
NH3 | 0-200ppm | 1 ppm | 35ppm/70ppm |
PH3 | 0-20ppm | 1 ppm | 5ppm/10ppm |
HCL | 0-20ppm | 1 ppm | 2ppm/4ppm |
O3 | 0-50ppm | 1 ppm | 2ppm/4ppm |
CH2O | 0-100ppm | 1 ppm | 5ppm/10ppm |
HF | 0-10ppm | 1 ppm | 5ppm/10ppm |
I-VOC | 0-100ppm | 1 ppm | 10ppm/20ppm |
ETO | 0-100ppm | 1 ppm | 10ppm/20ppm |
C6H6 | 0-100ppm | 1 ppm | 5ppm/10ppm |
Qaphela: Ithebula ngelokubhekisela kuphela;ububanzi bokulinganisa bangempela bungaphansi kokuboniswa kwangempela kwethuluzi.